2nd Boer War -Britain nervous that Germany has their own colony and navy in SA -Germany building everything up -England goes to war -England get beaten by Africans -Led by Cecil Rhodes and Lord Kitchener (responsible for winning the boer war) -Winston Churchill will learn about warfare -Concentration camps -English capture woman and children of Boer fighter and put them into concentration camps and destroy their farms and homes -English recognize Boer independence -Commonwealth status (English grant them independence) -Economically they rebuilt Africa -Political structure dominated by Afrikaans (Dutch) -Problem was no one talked to Bantus (80% of population) -Bantus was political recognition (African Nation Congress) -Goal was equal status -Afrikaans believed they were culture was dominant
1939 -Afrikaans supported Nazi Germany because England put families into C-camps during B-war -Hated England -Dutch Reform Church
1948 -Nationalist Party (NP) -Believed that the problem in SA was whites have to pick up the mess from the blacks -Forever will be correcting society -Remove the blacks from white life (create Apartheid) -Blacks are considered a hassle -Leader Daniel Francois Moulan -First steps: class individuals by race (tribes, beliefs, coloured?) -Given a card of classification -Banned interbreeding -Next step: 1950 Group Areas Act -Geographic separation: leads to separate amanitas Act -Separating schools -Eg, two different water fountains (one for whites, one for blacks) -Eg, white people walk on sidewalks, black people ion streets -Race profiling cards -White towns: force blacks out of towns
1966 -“Homelands” put blacks into different towns -Bantustans -Undesirable locations turned to homelands -Legal separation (black not allowed in white lands, and other way around) -80% good land to whites, 13% bad lands to blacks -ANC: political organization to turn things around, whites didn't listen -Albert Luthuli: nonviolent
1960 -Sharpeville massacre Brutal measures, peaceful protesters -Police come and open fire -70 dead, 180-190 highly injured -State of emergency, any blacks on streets would have gotten shot at that point -Spear of the Nation, more violent than ANC -Nelson Mandela leader -Considered a terrorist organization -Blow up railroad tracks, damaged a lot of South African property -Charged with treason 1956 -1961 acquitted -He resorted to violence -Sentenced to life in prison in 1964, out in 1989 (Robben Island) -Canada, Great Britain, Australia were big critics after Sharpesville -SA responded saying they don’t know what they were dealing with -1961 commonwealth South Africa withdrew
1974 -Soweto uprising -SA town -Conclusion only way to Afrikaans to be safe, obliterate black culture -Teach the black out of the natives -Afrikaans medium decree- policy by SA government -All schools in white areas to learn two languages (Afrikaans or English) -Forbid schools to teach forbidden cultures (ex. Zulu) -Only way to live peacefully is to live separately -As crowd grew in protest, police arrived -Police ordered to open fire, they do -1500 officers, 600 killed -White university students begin to fight with the blacks
1985 -State of emergency in place -1989, Botla is done -De Klerk new leader comes and changes things -First, he legalizes the ANC (terror group) -Mandela, spiritual leader -People wanted De Klerk to let Mandela out of prison, which he does -1993, Mandela and DeKlerk awarded Nobel Peace Prize -Mandela President, Truth and Reconciliation
Questions?
If apartheid hadn't happened, how would the way South Africa runs be different today?
3, 2, 1
3 words Divided, Unfair, Hate
2 Questions Without the efforts of Nelson Mandela, would South Africa be different today? Was the works of the Sharpeville massacre effective?
1 Metaphor Mandela aided to the blacks as a soldier would to his nation.